Stoler MH, Bonfiglio TA, Staigbigel MT, Pereira M: An atypical subcutaneous infection associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995, 33: 154–160.ĭebré R, Lamy M, Jammet ML, Costil L, Mozziconacci P: La maladie des griffes du chat. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1977, 171: 939–942.īreitschwerdt EB, Kordick DL, Malarkey DE, Keene B, Hadfield TL, Wilson K: Endocarditis in a dog due to infection with a novel Bartonella subspecies. Randhawa AS, Kelly VP, Baker EF Jr: Agglutinins to Coxiella burnetii and Brucella spp., with particular reference to Brucella canis, in wild animals of southern Texas. Logan JS: Trench fever in Belfast, and the nature of the ‘relapsing fevers’ in the United Kingdom in the nineteenth century.
Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences et des Lettres Classe de Médicine 1949, 7: 233–263. Kostrzewski J: The epidemiology of trench fever. Journal of the American Medical Association 1918, 70: 1597–1599. Strong RP, Swift HF, Opie EL, McNeal WJ, Baetjer W, Pappenheimer AM, Peacock AD: Report on progress of trench fever investigations. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1966, 35: 155–164. Vinson JW: In vitro cultivation of the rickettsial agent of trench fever. Only aminoglycosides display in vitro bactericidal activity against intracellular Bartonella species therefore, they are recommended for treatment of Bartonella infections. Clinical relapse is often associated with Bartonella infections despite a wide range of prescribed regimens. Polymerase chain reaction-based or immunological methods for the detection of bartonellae in infected tissues have proven useful. Cultivation of Bartonella is difficult, as the bacteria are extremely fastidious. The demonstration of specific antibodies may be useful in some instances, although certainly not in all.
Diagnosis of Bartonella infections can be made using histological or microbiological methods. No animal reservoir has been implicated for Bartonella quintana however, infection can be transmitted via the human body louse. The epidemiologies of Bartonella infections are poorly understood most Bartonella henselae infections are probably acquired from infected cats, either directly by contact with a cat or indirectly via fleas. However, perhaps the most significant presentation of bartonellae infection is culture-negative endocarditis. Both species also cause a variety of HIV-associated infections, including bacillary angiomatosis.
Bartonella quintana infections are now being diagnosed among the urban homeless and deprived, manifesting as trench fever, and Bartonella henselae has been shown to be the causative agent of cat scratch disease. Of the 11 currently recognized species, four have been implicated in human disease, although only two have been encountered in Europe. Bartonella species are now considered emerging pathogens.
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